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What is ADHD? (ADHD definition - What does ADHD mean)

ADHD, or attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity, is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by marked inattention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity that is inappropriate for the individual's developmental stage. The meaning of ADHD therefore refers to a difficulty organising everyday tasks, regulating attention and controlling impulses. This leads to repercussions on academic, professional and social functioning. Current diagnostic criteria – such as those described in the DSM-5 and ICD-10 – refer to symptoms being present in at least two different settings (for example, at home and at school). In addition, the persistence of these symptoms over an extended period is also a factor to take into account, given the impact this can have on day-to-day quality of life. Current research in neuroimaging and neurobiology highlights several neurochemical mechanisms, including dysfunctions in the prefrontal cortex, the striatum and the cerebellum. Doctors also point to abnormalities in the regulation of neurotransmitters, particularly noradrenaline and dopamine, which appear to play a major role in the causes of ADHD. Furthermore, the definition of ADHD and its conceptualisation have evolved significantly over the decades. In the past, doctors sometimes spoke of "hyperkinesis" or "hyperkinetic disorder of childhood", before this disorder was reconsidered in light of advances in developmental psychology and neuroscience. In the 1980s, with improvements in brain imaging techniques and diagnostic tools, the term "ADHD" emerged to better encompass the full range of clinical manifestations observed. This new designation made it possible to include symptoms related to hyperexcitability as well as those related to inattention. Later, studies confirmed that ADHD can persist into adulthood and is not exclusively a childhood disorder. The psychiatrist's diagnostic and therapeutic approach must therefore be adapted to each stage of life.

How does ADHD present in adults?

Generally, ADHD in adults presents differently from what is observed in children. Although the typical symptoms – difficulty concentrating, hyperactivity – may persist, how they show up changes with age. For example, adults may display less hyperexcitability than children, but instead show inner restlessness and difficulty maintaining rigorous organisation. This is generally what lies behind the question "how does an adult with ADHD think". Adults with ADHD typically present the following symptoms:

  • Poor time management ;

  • Difficulty prioritising activities ;

  • A tendency to procrastinate.

Furthermore, the continuity between childhood and adult ADHD is well established in the scientific literature. Most often, adults who are diagnosed showed signs during childhood. Nevertheless, the repercussions are greater in adulthood, particularly the impact on personal and professional life. For example, despite having average or even above-average intelligence, adults with ADHD encounter many difficulties related to managing stress, staying organised and maintaining stable personal and professional relationships. Recent studies highlight that ADHD in adults is often associated with low self-esteem, mood disorders and difficulty managing everyday responsibilities. These aspects generally call for comprehensive care, with psychotherapeutic follow-up, behaviour-management strategies and, in some cases, specific medication.

Attention-deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity in children

ADHD in children mainly presents as:

  • Attention difficulties ;

  • Marked impulsivity ;

  • Hyperactivity that is inappropriate for the school and family setting.

The main characteristics of ADHD in children include an inability to concentrate on lengthy tasks, excessive physical restlessness and a tendency to interrupt others. These signs can appear at a fairly young age, during schooling, with very visible manifestations from age 6 (ADHD symptoms at age 6), which allows for early diagnosis. Early diagnosis can, in particular, draw on observing behaviour in different settings, such as at school or at home. Early identification of ADHD makes it possible to put appropriate, tailored interventions in place. Treatments include, in particular, behavioural therapy and, in some cases, medication that can help better manage symptoms and improve the child's quality of life.

What are the signs and symptoms of ADHD?

Scientific research has identified a set of 20 telltale signs of ADHD. These signs or symptoms may include:

  1• Persistent inattention ;

  2• Hyperactivity ;

  3• Impulsivity ;

  4• Difficulty organising activities ;

  5• Difficulty following instructions ;

  6• Frequent forgetfulness ;

  7• Inner restlessness ;

  8• A tendency to interrupt ;

  9• Difficulty finishing projects ;

  10• Procrastination ;

  11• Distractibility ;

  12• Relationship difficulties ;

  13• Frequently losing objects ;

  14• Daydreaming ;

  15• Low tolerance for frustration ;

  16• Difficulty managing time and meeting deadlines ;

  17• Lack of follow-through on activities ;

  18• Mood variability ;

  19• Difficulty concentrating on repetitive activities ;

  20• Verbal impulsivity.

An online consultation with a psychiatrist or a neurodevelopmental specialist is essential to carry out a full assessment and to distinguish ADHD from other disorders.

ADHD test: how is ADHD diagnosed?

The diagnosis of ADHD is based on rigorous clinical criteria drawn from the DSM-5 and ICD-10 guidelines. It also relies on a thorough assessment of the individual's cognitive performance and behaviour. So, to answer the question "how is ADHD diagnosed", doctors follow a multidimensional approach:

  • Diagnostic criteria: the psychiatrist assesses the full range of persistent clinical manifestations, present in at least two different settings (e.g. home and school, or the workplace). The persistence and severity of the symptoms must have a significant impact on day-to-day functioning. These criteria should help answer questions such as "how do I know if I have ADHD" ;

  • Tools and tests used: behavioural questionnaires, structured clinical interviews and neuropsychological tests (ADHD test) make it possible to quantify the severity of the disorder. For more information or a diagnosis, easily consult a psychiatrist by teleconsultation, available within 24 hours.

ADHD: treatment and management

Treatment for ADHD is usually based on a combination of medication-based and non-medication-based approaches, namely:

  • Medication-based approaches: psychiatrists may prescribe stimulants, in particular methylphenidate and amphetamines. In addition, non-stimulant medications may also be prescribed, particularly when side effects interfere with the use of stimulants or when specific risk factors (comorbidities) are present.

  • Non-medication-based approaches: Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help develop organisational strategies, for example to regulate emotions and manage time better. Other methods may also be worthwhile, such as executive function training and neurofeedback.

Treatment for ADHD also varies according to age and stage of life:

  • In children: interventions targeting the family and school setting are often recommended, alongside medication at doses adapted to need. Regular follow-up with healthcare professionals (child psychiatrist, psychologist) is very important to adapt care and incorporate behavioural and psychoeducational strategies. These approaches aim in particular to improve organisation, concentration and social interactions ;

  • In adults: diagnosed later in life, ADHD in adults requires an approach that takes into account specific personal and professional challenges. In addition to medication, coaching and cognitive therapy are often offered. These help strengthen organisation, time management and problem-solving.

If needed, Feeli lets you find a psychiatrist near you by teleconsultation within 24 hours.